All substances

Every compound with at least one sourced, reviewed finding behind it. Ordered by how much evidence we actually hold, not alphabetically.

DDiphenhydramineAntihistamineAnticholinergic drugs tracked about 2.6 times the odds of decline★★★26 findings
SSoy IsoflavonesHerbCancer came back a quarter less often at 10 mg of isoflavones a day★★★26 findings
SSt John's WortHerbOnly hyperforin-rich concentrates moved digoxin; tea and juice did not★★★26 findings
IIronMineralIf you menstruate, daily iron trades constipation for less anaemia★★★22 findings
ZZincMineralZinc made about a third more people feel unwell than placebo did★★★21 findings
GGlucosamineBody compoundSorted by which form they took, people matched placebo either way★★★20 findings
MelatoninHormoneMelatonin's effect peaked near 4 mg taken three hours before bed★★★20 findings
VVitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)VitaminMore is not better: the largest doses came with more falls★★★20 findings
LLion's Mane (Hericium erinaceus)MushroomEveryday tasks improved; the memory tests did not★★☆19 findings
SSemaglutideAntidiabeticThe loss did not creep back over a second year★★★19 findings
SSildenafilVasodilatorSide effects were common and rarely enough to make men stop★★★19 findings
SSodiumMineralDiluting the rehydration recipe made it work better★★★19 findings
AAcetaminophen (Paracetamol)Pain relieverParacetamol beat placebo by half a point out of 100 for back pain★★★18 findings
BBranched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs)Amino acidThe confusion of a failing liver eased, and survival did not★★★18 findings
CaffeineStimulantYou still fall asleep fine; you lose about 45 minutes of the night★★★18 findings
NNMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide)Body compoundNMN moved no measure of blood sugar, blood fats or weight★★★18 findings
BBiotin (Vitamin B7)VitaminThe alarming hormone results were the test, not the hormones★★☆17 findings
CCannabidiol (CBD)HerbCBD cut seizures whether or not another epilepsy drug was on board★★★17 findings
VVitamin B12VitaminThe longer you have been on metformin, the likelier a shortage★★★17 findings
EElectrolyte Supplements and Sports DrinksElectrolyteMagnesium did not reduce night-time leg cramps in older adults★★★16 findings
NNicotinamide Riboside (NR)VitaminNMN left grip, gait speed and chair-stand time unchanged★★★16 findings
TTestosteroneHormoneTestosterone can push your red blood cell count too high★★★16 findings
PPhenylephrineDecongestantPhenylephrine did no better than placebo for a blocked nose★★★15 findings
CortisolHormoneLong stress may leave immune cells less able to hear cortisol★★★14 findings
NNSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs)Pain relieverFor half or more of people, one tablet never halves the pain★★★14 findings
L-theanineAmino acidTaking theanine with caffeine may soften the blood-pressure spike★★★13 findings
MMyo-inositolBody compoundIn a real ovary the ratio is 100 to 1, or 0.2 to 1 with PCOS★★★13 findings
FFolic AcidVitaminNobody ran the trial that would settle the everyday dose★★★12 findings
VVenlafaxineAntidepressantA slow taper with support kept relapse as low as staying on the drug★★★12 findings
GGlucosamine and Chondroitin (Combination)Body compoundThe result for worse knee pain vanished on a second look★★★11 findings
CChondroitin SulfateBody compoundSide effects came at about the same rate as on a dummy pill★★★10 findings
DD-chiro-inositolBody compoundThe review could reach no conclusion on D-chiro-inositol★★★10 findings
IIbuprofenPain relieverFor half or more of people, one tablet never halves the pain★★★10 findings
OOil of OreganoHerbNobody has tested oil of oregano capsules or drops on a cold★★☆10 findings
VVitamin CVitaminThe benefit landed on severe symptoms; mild ones did not shift★★★10 findings
MagnesiumMineralThe hospital magnesium drip more than halved seizures in pregnancy★★★9 findings
PPotassiumMineralDiluting the rehydration recipe made it work better★★★9 findings
DDietary ProteinProteinPast about 1.6 g per kg a day, extra protein added nothing★★★8 findings
CCordycepsMushroomProducts sold as wild cordyceps often hold a cheaper fungus★★☆6 findings
CreatineBody compoundYour bench press gains about 1.43kg more than on placebo★★★6 findings
DDiclofenacPain relieverFor half or more of people, one tablet never halves the pain★★★6 findings
WWhey ProteinProteinWhey alone did nothing for older adults, unless they also lifted★★★6 findings
AshwagandhaHerbIn nine cortisol studies, ashwagandha was taken daily for weeks★★★5 findings
AspartameSweetenerSwitching to diet drinks takes off 0.73kg and nothing more★★★5 findings
CCordyceps militarisMushroomFive human studies of Cordyceps militaris exist, and they disagree★★☆5 findings
LLeucineAmino acidExtra leucine let a 6.25 g whey drink match a 25 g one, in one trial★★☆5 findings
MMetforminAntidiabeticThe longer you have been on metformin, the likelier a shortage★★★5 findings
NNaproxenPain relieverFor half or more of people, one tablet never halves the pain★★★5 findings
OOphiocordyceps sinensis (wild caterpillar fungus)MushroomProducts sold as wild cordyceps often hold a cheaper fungus★★☆5 findings
Collagen PeptidesProteinNo one has set an upper limit for collagen; the trials stop at 35g★★★4 findings
EEquol (S-equol)Body compoundWhether you make equol depends on the bacteria in your gut★★☆4 findings
LL-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)VitaminThe gene behind the supplement marketing is real★★☆3 findings
Added Sugar (Sucrose / HFCS)SweetenerSwitching to diet drinks takes off 0.73kg and nothing more★★★2 findings
BerberineHerbYour three-month blood-sugar average drops about 0.4 points★★★2 findings
CCultured cordyceps mycelium (Cs-4, Paecilomyces hepiali, Hirsutella sinensis)MushroomThe names on a cordyceps label do not map onto one organism★★☆2 findings
FFolate (Vitamin B9)VitaminThe gene behind the supplement marketing is real★★☆2 findings
GlutathioneBody compoundOne trial of glutathione injections found liver changes and a collapse★★☆2 findings
LLevothyroxineHormoneThe warning on the label is about soy flour, not isoflavones★☆☆2 findings
Phosphoric AcidFood additiveCola dissolves enamel, and fruit juice did more of it in the same test★★☆2 findings
PsilocybinPsychedelicNone of the news has made psilocybin legal★★☆2 findings
NN-Acetylcysteine (NAC)Amino acidThe antidote works best hours before an overdose feels like anything★★☆1 finding
Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA/DHA)Fatty acidOnly the EPA kind of fish oil moved depression scores★☆☆1 finding
VVitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol)VitaminD3 raises blood levels more than D2, but not when taken daily★★★1 finding

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