Open questions

These are derived from the findings themselves: each one restates a limitation or a conflict already recorded against a specific finding. Questions nobody has studied yet are not listed, because no finding records them.

Soy Isoflavones

10 open

Contested — The abstract gives p values and directions but no effect sizes, so how much bone was saved cannot be stated. Whole-body density is the weakest endpoint measured, and the sites where people actually fracture were null. The 80 mg arm showed nothing, so two doses do not make a dose-response.the finding →
Conflicting — A menopause society declining to recommend soy is not the same as soy failing: its Level II grade means the evidence is limited or inconsistent. The listing cannot say whether soy eases hot flushes, only that the panel would not back it.the finding →
Contested — The remit was peri- and postmenopausal women taking isolated isoflavone supplements, so it says nothing about men, children, premenopausal women or soy as a food. The opinion is ten years old.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether soy pills ease hot flushes is unsettled because the reviews disagree first about whether trials this varied can be combined at all, and only then about the answer. That is why more studies have not settled it.the finding →
Conflicting — This one trial shows dihydrotestosterone falling in 35 young men on soy, with or without isoflavones. It cannot show the fall holds across trials or matters for health; that needs the hormone pooled, which nobody has done.the finding →
Contested — The lead author directs the Soy Nutrition Institute, funded by the United Soybean Board and its member companies; that is the largest declared conflict in this evidence base and it points toward the review's conclusion. Its verdicts are narrative judgments, not pooled effect estimates.the finding →
Conflicting — Soy's clean record on male hormones leaves out dihydrotestosterone, the one androgen a crossover trial saw fall by 9 to 15 percent. Both can be true because they measured different things; nobody has pooled the hormone that moved.the finding →
Conflicting — The label names soybean flour and soy formula but gives no figure for how much absorption they cost and cites no study, so it cannot say how much a soy meal matters to the dose.the finding →
Conflicting — A single isoflavone supplement dose left levothyroxine absorption untouched, yet the drug's label warns against soybean flour and soy formula. What separates the two is the form of soy, protein against isolated isoflavones.the finding →
Contested — This states what these two studies were built to measure, not that no such comparison exists anywhere in the wider literature. Both are small: 160 women in the trial, and 41 in the producer-status study, of whom 12 were non-vegetarians.the finding →

Zinc

10 open

Conflicting — Zinc lozenge trials scatter widely. One reading says that makes any effect size untrustworthy; another sees a dose split, nothing below about 75 mg a day and a great deal above. No trial has split them, so how much zinc helps is open.the finding →
Conflicting — How far zinc shortage lowers testosterone is unsettled. An uncontrolled study of four men reported a 73% fall; a controlled feeding study that cut zinc far lower saw 19%. The weaker design produced the figure that travelled.the finding →
Contested — Adverse-event reports are voluntary and unverified, so 130 counts reports received rather than confirmed cases, and it cannot be turned into a risk per user in either direction. The causality analysis is a structured argument rather than a controlled study, and it comes from the same clinic and senior author as the case series it draws on. All of it concerns the nasal gel: lozenges and tablets are a different product taken a different way, with no comparable evidence of smell loss.the finding →
Contested — Fifty people in the primary trial, which reported colds 44% shorter, far above anything the wider literature supports. That trial is one of the three inside the pooled analysis, so the two are not independent confirmations of each other. The finding that the effect held regardless of allergy, smoking, age or gender rests on those same 199 people, too few for that comparison to carry weight.the finding →
Contested — The restriction arm reported a 73% fall in testosterone from what the paper itself calls marginal restriction, larger than the controlled feeding study found at a far lower intake, which is an anomaly rather than a detail. The supplementation arm recruited men already identified as zinc deficient, so it cannot speak to anyone else. Alongside both sits a correlation measured in 40 men, and a correlation in 40 people is where this began.the finding →
Conflicting — Europe caps zinc at 25 mg a day and the US at 40, from the same copper evidence. No new data separates them, only a judgement on how much copper loss is acceptable, and nothing settles which reading is right.the finding →
Contested — The 75 mg line was drawn after looking at the data rather than set in advance, so it explains the same trials it came from. Five trials below it and eight above is a thin basis for a threshold. Both reviews behind it have the same single author, whose complaint is what got the competing Cochrane review withdrawn.the finding →
Conflicting — A US panel found no evidence of clinically significant harm from iron and zinc interacting; pooled trials in under-threes saw zinc move iron markers the wrong way. Neither set out to test the pairing, so whether to space them is unknown.the finding →
Contested — Thirty-seven cases gathered over 53 years have no denominator, so nothing here says how likely this is at any dose, and case reports get published because they are striking. The zinc came from denture adhesive cream and swallowed coins as well as supplements, so not every dose in that range is a supplement dose. A single case at 50 mg a day is not evidence that 50 mg a day is generally unsafe.the finding →
Contested — The zinc came with 5 mg of folic acid a day and there was no zinc-only arm, so neither result can be pinned on the zinc by itself. The men were fertile and subfertile patients at a fertility clinic, not chosen for their zinc status, so this shows what happens when you supplement a mixed group rather than a group known to have enough. Eighty-seven men across four arms is thin enough that this is an effect not detected rather than an effect ruled out.the finding →

Diphenhydramine

9 open

Conflicting — What would settle this is one study testing 25 mg and 50 mg of diphenhydramine side by side, and nobody has run it. Until then, where between the two doses impairment begins is unknown.the finding →
Contested — The conditions these drugs treat, insomnia and low mood among them, are early signs of dementia themselves, so the drug may be marking the illness rather than causing it. Dropping the last twelve months of use blunts that without removing it. One health system in Seattle, shop-bought use only partly captured.the finding →
Contested — The authors do not say the misuse is harmless, only that the self-harm cases carried the worse outcomes. Intent is coded by whoever takes the phone call, and the line between misuse and a suicide attempt is drawn there. The warning itself would have lifted reporting.the finding →
Conflicting — The road test adds what a simulator cannot: 50 mg of diphenhydramine made drivers weave on a public road. It tested only 50 mg, so it cannot say whether 25 mg, which matched placebo in another trial, impairs driving.the finding →
Contested — The dose, 76 mg of the citrate salt, is an ordinary amount in an unfamiliar unit, matching the 50 mg of hydrochloride a sleep aid delivers. Under the prespecified testing plan, the remaining comparisons were non-significant or ineligible to test. A competing product's maker designed and part-authored it.the finding →
Contested — A call rate is not an event rate, and reporting habits shifted across those twelve years. The percentages come without the counts behind them, so a 263% rise from a small base may be a small absolute change. Nothing here measures how much diphenhydramine was being taken, so none of it can be read per user.the finding →
Conflicting — Fifty milligrams of diphenhydramine impaired driving more than alcohol at roughly the legal limit, and 25 mg looked like placebo. Both are sold as normal doses, so what separates them is a step between two amounts, not a dispute about one.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether antihistamines raise dementia risk is unsettled. English prescription records show no significant link, Taiwanese dispensing records a rise with dose, and English records miss most shop-bought use, so neither can correct the other.the finding →
Contested — A pattern shared by drugs that do and do not reach the brain points somewhere other than the drug. More medicine dispensed means more medical contact and more chances for a diagnosis to be recorded, and heavier users are sicker to begin with. The authors call for trials to confirm any association.the finding →

Lion's Mane (Hericium erinaceus)

8 open

Contested — The lead author works in a mushroom producer's own laboratory, and an independent expert panel reviewing the trial in 2024 reported that nobody had repeated it. The outcome was a brief dementia screening questionnaire, not a full memory assessment.the finding →
Contested — No person received either compound. The doses that worked on cultured cells and in mice have no translation into a capsule, and blocking that receptor only partly stopped the effect, so even the pathway is unsettled.the finding →
Contested — Nobody has measured what lion's mane does in a human bloodstream, in any form, so none of this is confirmed in a person. Erinacines are made by the mycelium, so a fruiting-body capsule is not carrying the compound this study followed.the finding →
Contested — This is reishi, a different fungus, and no lion's mane product was in the sample. Nineteen batches is small, the sampling method is undescribed, and 'matched the label' means matched by these analysts' own chemical criteria, which another method would score differently. The data predate 2017.the finding →
Contested — Placebo improved on its own baseline too, which is what within-arm comparisons look like when practice and expectation are doing the work. Nothing here runs longer than two hours. The sponsor sells the tea extract used as the comparator.the finding →
Contested — No lion's mane product was tested here; this is a different fungus and none of these numbers transfers. The analysts work for a supplier selling fruiting-body extracts in competition with grain-grown mycelium ones, which is a direct commercial interest in this result.the finding →
Conflicting — Three research groups each point to a different active compound in lion's mane, and the one printed on most labels failed when tested alone. None has been tested in a person, so what does the work is still open.the finding →
Conflicting — Lion's mane's cognitive benefits come from small, short, often maker-funded trials, while independent trials in healthy adults found nothing against placebo. It is less a dispute than too little evidence to have one.the finding →

Testosterone

8 open

Contested — Normal here means the middle third of the men surveyed, a statistical convention rather than a line anchored to symptoms or outcomes. Each man gave one measurement, where guidelines require two confirmatory morning readings. And knowing the range shifts with age does not show that treating young men against the higher number would help them; it would mainly widen who counts as deficient.the finding →
Contested — These were healthy men with normal testosterone taking defined, mostly short courses in contraception trials, not men on open-ended replacement or on the much larger doses used for physique. Recovery was faster with shorter treatment and shorter-acting preparations, both of which cut against long-term replacement. The endpoint is a sperm concentration of 20 million per millilitre, a fertility proxy rather than a pregnancy. The data stop in 2005.the finding →
Contested — This reads what clinics say on their own websites, not what care they deliver or what happens to patients. The clinics were found by internet search, so the sample is neither exhaustive nor random. Website content changes, which dates the snapshot. And it describes the market around testosterone rather than saying anything about the drug itself.the finding →
Contested — This compares whole markets rather than individual men, so it cannot show that any particular man was moved by an advert. Per exposure the effect is tiny, on the order of 0.05 extra initiations per 10,000 men per monthly exposure, even though the ratios are statistically significant. Advertising clustered in the southeastern states, which may differ in ways nobody measured. The data run to 2013, before direct-to-consumer telemedicine.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether testosterone raises clot risk is unsettled. Insurance claims show about double the odds and the randomised trial no overall excess, yet both point the same way on clots in the lung, the part of the signal that has not gone away.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether testosterone helps erections is unsettled. Pooled trials found a gain, largest in men starting lowest; two later long trials found none, in less deficient men on different questionnaires, so the split may be about who was studied.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether testosterone makes men stronger is unsettled. The pooled gains rest on mostly null trials and other studies found none, but a knee, a hand squeeze and a leg press measure different things and can disagree without any being wrong.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether testosterone harms the arteries is unresolved. The largest trial found no rise in major cardiac events; an imaging trial found more non-calcified plaque after a year. Nobody has shown whether that plaque turns into events.the finding →

Vitamin B12

8 open

Contested — Everyone studied already had normal B12, so this says nothing about people who are actually short of it. Several of the pooled trials gave B12 inside a B complex alongside folate, so the B12-only signal rests on fewer studies. The fatigue gap is an absence of trials, not a pooled null.the finding →
Contested — Both arms improved by roughly eight points, a large placebo response that leaves little room to detect a small real benefit. The bar for normal B12 was set at 150 pmol/L, low enough that some participants may have been functionally short despite passing it.the finding →
Contested — Every included study was observational, and people on long-term acid blockers differ from those who are not in ways that also affect B12. Heterogeneity was high, with just over half the variation between studies not attributable to chance. The review was not registered in advance.the finding →
Contested — Both figures are background citations inside a review about pregnancy trials rather than results its authors produced, so they carry the weight of a textbook footnote and not of a measurement. The review dates from 2012 and predates the later cohort reports on high blood B12 and cancer.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether high-dose B12 supplements raise lung cancer risk is unresolved. One cohort saw about double the risk in men, none in women, a split nobody has explained, and the risk ran higher in smokers, so something besides B12 may explain it.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether a swallowed B12 dose is enough when the gut cannot absorb it normally is still open. The support is 26 patients with no comparison group and three small trials rated low certainty: promising, not yet properly tested.the finding →
Contested — This is a single snapshot in time, so it cannot say which came first. The finding sits inside a subgroup defined by poor B12 status, well under the 1858 people surveyed, which is where chance findings live, and the authors describe some of their own results as unexpected and internally inconsistent. In the people whose B12 was normal, more of the natural circulating folate went with better scores, not worse.the finding →
Contested — None of these trials set out to compare the forms, so this is an absence of evidence that one beats the other, not evidence they are the same. They enrolled different patients on different schedules, which is what a real comparison would have to hold constant.the finding →

Sildenafil

7 open

Contested — Recent use carried a higher hazard ratio than current use, 1.60 against 1.25, which points at something other than the drug. The lower edge of the confidence interval sits at 1.01. Exposure was inferred from pharmacy fills, and the finding covers the whole drug class rather than sildenafil alone.the finding →
Conflicting — How long after sildenafil a nitrate becomes safe has no agreed answer. One review finds the interaction gone by 24 hours; the US regulator, with the same interaction studies in hand, declines to name any interval.the finding →
Contested — The arrow could point either way and this design cannot separate them: recreational use may erode confidence, or men who already have difficulty may reach for the drug and call it recreational. The data are from 2006 and 2007, before telehealth prescribing changed how young men get these drugs.the finding →
Conflicting — In a long-term follow-up, children on the highest sildenafil dose died at nearly four times the lowest-dose rate. Whether dose caused it is open: the groups did not start alike, and the sickest children were over-represented among deaths.the finding →
Conflicting — Pooled studies found no clear rise in sudden optic-nerve damage for the drug class, yet sildenafil alone came out at about twice the risk. Which holds is open, against a base rate of 2.5 to 11.8 cases per 100,000 men over 50 a year.the finding →
Conflicting — Men on erectile-dysfunction drugs are diagnosed with melanoma more often. What that means is unsettled: one analysis reads it as shared sun exposure, and a later one urges at-risk men to avoid the drugs without answering that argument.the finding →
Contested — The ranking comes from indirect comparison across trials that never tested these doses against each other, which is far less stable than head-to-head data. Read as advice for one man choosing a dose, it means nothing. Most of the trials underneath it were short and manufacturer-funded.the finding →

Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)

7 open

Contested — The four-week trial scored fatigue on a self-reported questionnaire, a measure that moves easily on expectation, in people averaging 29 years old. The multiple sclerosis pooling covered five trials and 345 people, and its benefit runs from small down to almost nothing. The palliative trial lost 94 of its 244 participants, mostly to death from cancer.the finding →
Conflicting — Large trials found no mood benefit; the pooled benefit rests on small, short trials, some counted twice. What observational studies still cannot separate is whether low vitamin D brings on depression or depression keeps people indoors.the finding →
Conflicting — Protection against respiratory infection shrank each time the same analysis was rerun with more trials. Whether the effect was never there, or the newer trials enrolled people with less to gain, these analyses cannot separate.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether vitamin D protects severely deficient people from respiratory infection was never properly tested. A 2017 estimate of 70 percent lower odds did not reappear in larger analyses, and trials enrol too few deficient people to tell.the finding →
Conflicting — Where vitamin D deficiency begins is unsettled: expert lines sit at 30, 20 and 12 nanograms per millilitre. Evidence cannot choose between them, because no trial has tested whether measuring a level and acting on it does anyone good.the finding →
Contested — The p value lands exactly on 0.05 and the interval nearly touches no effect, which makes this a fragile positive rather than a settled one. The count pools rheumatoid arthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, autoimmune thyroid disease and psoriasis together and tests none of them individually. Participants averaged 67 years old.the finding →
Contested — This is a snapshot of blood levels taken in 2005 and 2006, so it shows who sits below a line and never what being below it does to them. Race here stands in for skin pigmentation, sun exposure, diet and income all at once, rather than for anything measured biologically. Black Americans measure lowest without correspondingly worse bone density or fracture rates, which is the part the number does not explain.the finding →

Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs)

6 open

Contested — Genetic proxies for circulating levels are not a stand-in for swallowing a supplement, and neither study gave anyone one. Both draw on European-ancestry samples, and the UK Biobank cohort is healthier than the general population. Neither rules out a smaller effect running the other way.the finding →
Conflicting — Tested in one direction, high blood branched-chain amino acids look like a result of poor metabolic health; tested in reverse, like a cause of worse blood fats. No effect size was given for either, so how much each matters is open.the finding →
Conflicting — How much BCAAs ease soreness is unsettled. The largest estimate rests on the thinnest base, never checked for publication bias, while three more careful syntheses of the same question land smaller.the finding →
Contested — These numbers come from a programme run under the International Council on Amino Acid Science, a nonprofit funded by the amino acid industry. The review says so itself. Short-term trials in healthy adults only, so nothing about long-term intake or about people with liver or kidney disease.the finding →
Contested — Fourteen of the 35 trials carried some risk of bias, and the authors report high heterogeneity. Older adults, many of them at risk of undernutrition, so the baseline protein intake is not a well-fed lifter's. Physical performance sat exactly on the significance line, an interval starting at zero.the finding →
Contested — Ten men, one four-hour window, no size or strength endpoint. A p value of .039 and an interval running from -0.002 to 0.028 do not agree, and the interval is the more cautious reading. Same laboratory and near-identical design to the same group's 2017 trial, so the two are not independent.the finding →

Semaglutide

6 open

Conflicting — Whether semaglutide raises rare serious gut harms is unsettled. Pooled trials find little or no rise in pancreatitis, obstruction or a stalled stomach but mostly ran too short for rare events; the cohort that found rises cannot size them.the finding →
Conflicting — What this study can show is how lean mass fell over time, stopping by month seven. With nobody off the drug measured alongside, it cannot show that semaglutide, rather than anything else, preserved it.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether losing lean mass on semaglutide costs anything a person would notice has not been measured either way. Trials rank it weak at holding lean mass; one study with no comparison group says it was preserved.the finding →
Conflicting — The ninefold figure cannot stand alone: its confidence interval is wide enough to hold almost any answer, so this cohort cannot say how large the pancreatitis risk is. The randomised trials are much the stronger evidence.the finding →
Contested — The extension was exploratory and powered for nothing. Its 327 people came from high-recruiting sites rather than a random slice of the 1,961 randomised, and they had lost more than the trial average to begin with. Drug and lifestyle support were withdrawn together, so the regain cannot be pinned on the drug alone. Nobody was randomised after week 68, so there was no control arm left to compare against.the finding →
Conflicting — Compounded semaglutide was named less often in reports of dosing errors, against the regulator's own warning about overdoses. Uneven reporting is likelier than safer products, but nothing in the data can settle it.the finding →

St John's Wort

6 open

Conflicting — Two large US trials found no benefit where pooled trials find one, but in both the prescription antidepressant also failed to beat placebo. The open question is whether those trials could detect any effect at all.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether St John's Wort lets ovulation break through a combined pill is unsettled. In both trials the pill's hormone levels fell and bleeding rose, but they split on ovulation, and none measured pregnancy.the finding →
Contested — The six preparations were selected to span the hyperforin range, so the gap between them is wider than a random pair off a shelf would be. About seven men per arm. How far real products vary has been shown to be large but has never been given a number.the finding →
Contested — The review naming it does not state the size or even the direction of the effect for St John's Wort specifically, and its classification of 78 items leans heavily on case reports of varying quality. Warfarin is monitored by routine blood test, so the practical risk is a result drifting between checks rather than a failure nobody sees.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether St John's Wort taken with serotonin-acting antidepressants or migraine triptans risks serotonin syndrome rests on case reports, which show it can happen but not how often. No controlled study has tested either pairing.the finding →
Contested — Five of the eight authors work for the company that makes the extract and two more for the contract research organisation that ran the study. The design was open-label, non-randomised and single-sequence, in 20 people. The result belongs to this one proprietary extract, not to St John's Wort products in general, most of which carry far more hyperforin.the finding →

Venlafaxine

6 open

Conflicting — Whether a slower venlafaxine taper spares withdrawal is unsettled. A cohort that chose slow tapering says yes, a trial with few-week tapers says no, and neither tested the months-long schedule now recommended.the finding →
Contested — Nobody tapered without the strips for comparison, so the figures describe the users, not the strips' effect. Response rates were 48% and 59%, and outcomes were self-reported, some recalled from up to five years earlier. The authors' institute received a grant from the pharmacy that makes the strips.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether years on venlafaxine make it harder to stop is open. The label and long-term users say yes; the trials that say no lasted only weeks, so they never tested the question.the finding →
Contested — The three dose figures are second-hand: a 2022 review copied them from a 2005 UK regulator's report, and the report itself is where the counts live. The middle dose came out lower than the lowest, so the rise rests on the 150 mg group alone. The label gives the trend and no number.the finding →
Contested — The argument comes from imaging of SSRIs, not venlafaxine, and from receptor occupancy rather than from a trial that measured how people felt. No randomised trial has compared hyperbolic with straight-line tapering of venlafaxine.the finding →
Contested — The percentages were extracted by a later review from the trial's tables; the trial's own summary gives only the direction. Withdrawal was a side outcome of a trial built to compare how well the drugs worked, after eight weeks of use, so it says nothing about longer use. A review of 61 reports found withdrawal most often with venlafaxine but could give no pooled figure.the finding →

Vitamin C

6 open

Contested — Five small trials and 598 people between them, in settings almost nobody lives in: a subarctic military exercise, a 90 kilometre race, an Alpine ski camp. None of them tested ordinary gym-goers. The underlying trials date from the 1960s to the early 1990s and counted colds largely by asking people.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether daily vitamin C shortens colds turns on which evidence counts. Every trial showing a benefit dosed people before the cold began, and a stricter overview of 8 primary studies found little or no effect.the finding →
Contested — People who take a gram of vitamin C a day may differ from those who do not in ways a diet questionnaire misses, so this is a pattern rather than a cause. Hardly anyone ate more than 700 milligrams from food, which leaves the food comparison untested at the doses where the supplement finding appears.the finding →
Conflicting — Vitamin C started at the first symptom failed in seven trials, all stopping at 3 to 4 grams a day. Two older trials hint an effect only emerges at 6 to 8 grams, and that dose has never been tested directly.the finding →
Contested — Everyone in the supplement trial took the vitamin first and the placebo second, so an order effect cannot be separated from the treatment. Glutathione inside a lymphocyte is a laboratory reading, not an illness avoided. One author of the mechanism review is employed by a vitamin C manufacturer.the finding →
Contested — Vitamin C and vitamin E were given together, so neither can be credited or blamed on its own. The marker changes carry enormous spread: the placebo group's rise averaged 59% with a standard deviation of 97%. Reviewers add that the blunting is inconsistent and rarely reached in ordinary training.the finding →

Biotin (Vitamin B7)

5 open

Conflicting — Most of what is known about biotin skewing blood tests was measured on older reagents. Newer ones tolerate far more, but troponin, the heart-attack test, was not checked, so whether the problem has shrunk depends on a lab's kit.the finding →
Conflicting — Stopping biotin more than 48 hours before a blood test is advice reasoned from how fast the body clears it. No study has tested the interval, and the US regulator says there is not enough information to know if any stop works.the finding →
Contested — This is the figure for all six interference types together, and the review does not break it down by cause, so it is not a biotin rate. The 150 patients come from published case reports, which select for cases that went wrong; how many people had an interference and came to no harm is unknowable from this design. It is not a probability that any given biotin user will be misdiagnosed.the finding →
Contested — Voluntary adverse-event reporting shows that something can happen, never how often. The death report carries no published clinical workup, so nothing in it rules out another cause. The agency's figures describe what it was aware of in 2019, in the United States, where assay availability and reagent generations have both moved on since.the finding →
Conflicting — There is no single rate of people carrying enough biotin to skew a blood test. Three studies using one threshold disagreed widely, and the gap tracks who was sampled and where, so a clean result may only mean few there take supplements.the finding →

Caffeine

5 open

Contested — One small crossover trial in young women only, so nothing here covers men, older adults or anyone especially sensitive to caffeine. The 30mg of caffeine is well under a standard cup of coffee at roughly 95mg, which leaves the everyday dose untested. The lead author is affiliated with a commercial tea company.the finding →
Contested — Nobody was assigned to drink coffee, so whatever else separates a three-cup habit from none, in diet, smoking, exercise or income, is folded into that number. Coffee carries hundreds of compounds besides caffeine, and nothing here tells them apart. The size of the association differed by region, running stronger in Europe and Asia than in the US.the finding →
Conflicting — In one small trial, daily caffeine's blood-pressure rise faded to near zero within three weeks; pooled trials found about 2 mmHg that was larger in longer trials. Whether the body adapts fully or only partly is unsettled.the finding →
Conflicting — What is open is whether pairing theanine with caffeine helps attention generally or only on the brief task that found it. Counting errors over two hours in 27 people, the pair did no better than either alone.the finding →
Conflicting — What this trial cannot show is whether the pair beats caffeine alone: its edge was over placebo, on one brief task. The edge is unconfirmed rather than contradicted.the finding →

Glucosamine

5 open

Conflicting — Every trial measuring joint structure independently of the manufacturer found nothing, but those ran shorter and used another salt. Nobody has repeated the three-year sulfate trial without its manufacturer.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether chondroitin and glucosamine ease pain turns on method, not data. Analyses splitting trials by funder, brand and trial quality find no difference a patient would notice; the review finding a benefit did not split them.the finding →
Contested — Three people identified after the study began is a hypothesis rather than a finding, and the authors hedge their own conclusion accordingly. It was one dose alongside a 75 g glucose load, with no placebo group described. Larger reviews of fasting glucose over months and years find no such effect.the finding →
Contested — People who choose supplements differ from people who do not in ways no adjustment removes, and a modest reduction turning up in every outcome at once is what that difference usually produces. Preparation and amount went unrecorded. No randomised trial has tested glucosamine against heart outcomes.the finding →
Conflicting — A one-dose glucose challenge and months of resting glucose measure different things, so both results can stand. What neither covers is years of glucosamine in someone who is already glucose intolerant.the finding →

L-theanine

5 open

Contested — One small crossover trial in young women only, so nothing here covers men, older adults or anyone especially sensitive to caffeine. The 30mg of caffeine is well under a standard cup of coffee at roughly 95mg, which leaves the everyday dose untested. The lead author is affiliated with a commercial tea company.the finding →
Contested — The participants skewed middle-aged and older, and most were women. A long list of outcomes was tested at once, which on its own makes some of the positive ones likely to be chance.the finding →
Contested — This is electrical activity recorded in one small single-lab study, not behaviour and not how focused anyone felt or performed. A distinct signature is not the same thing as better concentration.the finding →
Conflicting — What is open is whether pairing theanine with caffeine helps attention generally or only on the brief task that found it. Counting errors over two hours in 27 people, the pair did no better than either alone.the finding →
Conflicting — What this trial cannot show is whether the pair beats caffeine alone: its edge was over placebo, on one brief task. The edge is unconfirmed rather than contradicted.the finding →

Myo-inositol

5 open

Contested — A network meta-analysis mostly compares treatments that were never tested against each other directly, so this is an indirect estimate. Twenty-two trials and 1079 women spread across four classes of treatment leaves each comparison thin. Nothing here goes beyond a surrogate: no pregnancy, no live birth.the finding →
Conflicting — The 40:1 ratio the market is built on has been tested far less than the argument over it suggests. The only two trials comparing ratios head to head point opposite ways, and both sit at the lowest certainty rating.the finding →
Conflicting — Two reviews of the same inositol trials disagree on whether it works. The one calling it effective reports no live birth or pregnancy outcome, so the split is less about the trials than about what a reviewer calls enough.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether inositol raises live births is unsettled. One umbrella review says it more than doubles them, Cochrane calls the outcome too uncertain to judge, and none of the 85 outcomes graded in this field reaches high quality.the finding →
Conflicting — Earlier, mostly Italian trials suggested myo-inositol in pregnancy roughly halved gestational diabetes; a later, adequately powered Dutch trial found no effect. The two are not of equal quality, which is why the null carries more weight.the finding →

Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)

4 open

Conflicting — Measuring paracetamol in cord blood is a better way to know who was exposed, and here it found a link. What it cannot do is separate the drug from what leads a family to take it; sibling studies can, and find none. The question stays open.the finding →
Contested — Eleven people took acetaminophen in this trial, out of 36 across three arms, and one muscle group was measured. Healthy older adults on a supervised programme are not a general population and not athletes. The dose was 4 g a day, the labelled maximum, which carries liver considerations this trial was neither designed nor powered to detect. The drug did nothing to the untrained hamstrings, so whatever is happening depends on the training rather than on the drug alone.the finding →
Contested — People were showing what they would do, not observed doing it at home, so this measures intent and understanding rather than behaviour. A public hospital clinic and a community practice were among the four sites, and the sample leans towards lower health literacy, which was itself one of two independent predictors of going over. The threshold scored against is the 4,000 mg liver warning rather than the lower per-product ceiling many labels now print, so against that figure the rates would be higher still.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether paracetamol in pregnancy raises autism or attention-deficit risk is still open. Comparing siblings best separates the drug from the family and finds no link; measuring it in cord blood best shows who was exposed and finds one.the finding →

D-chiro-inositol

4 open

Contested — A network meta-analysis mostly compares treatments that were never tested against each other directly, so this is an indirect estimate. Twenty-two trials and 1079 women spread across four classes of treatment leaves each comparison thin. Nothing here goes beyond a surrogate: no pregnancy, no live birth.the finding →
Conflicting — The 40:1 ratio the market is built on has been tested far less than the argument over it suggests. The only two trials comparing ratios head to head point opposite ways, and both sit at the lowest certainty rating.the finding →
Conflicting — Two reviews of the same inositol trials disagree on whether it works. The one calling it effective reports no live birth or pregnancy outcome, so the split is less about the trials than about what a reviewer calls enough.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether inositol raises live births is unsettled. One umbrella review says it more than doubles them, Cochrane calls the outcome too uncertain to judge, and none of the 85 outcomes graded in this field reaches high quality.the finding →

Electrolyte Supplements and Sports Drinks

4 open

Conflicting — One randomised trial found salt capsules got triathletes to the finish sooner, on a single borderline result in 26 people. Whether that holds up is open, because nobody has repeated it.the finding →
Contested — Weak discrimination is not a screening test, and the authors do not offer it as one. Cramp history was self-reported, and sweat was collected during ordinary training, never during a cramp. Forearm patches estimate whole-body sweat sodium indirectly and carry real measurement error. One other significant result among roughly fourteen comparisons, potassium content in women, is what chance produces at that many tests.the finding →
Contested — A label proves what a company was permitted to print, not that anything printed on it is true, and being listed on the US drug label database is not approval. This is one product, so it shows such a thing exists and is listed rather than that the category behaves this way. Its marketing text, including the three-bottles promise, sits inside the section reserved for safe-handling warnings, while the sections for indications, purpose, active ingredient and precautions are all empty.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether deliberately taking salt changes the risk of low blood sodium in endurance races is untested. Nobody has randomised runners to salt or none, because in these races almost everyone already takes it.the finding →

Folic Acid

4 open

Conflicting — Whether folic acid prevents a first neural tube defect has never been put to a trial large enough to settle it. The one trial rests on six defects, all in one arm, and reviewers disagree on what that can carry.the finding →
Contested — This measures exposure, not harm. The authors say plainly that it does not show anyone was hurt, and call for the functional consequences to be investigated. It is one Toronto cohort of 368 women in a country with mandatory fortification, so these intakes are not typical of unfortified populations, and assay differences make the comparison with older, lower published values unreliable.the finding →
Contested — This is a single snapshot in time, so it cannot say which came first. The finding sits inside a subgroup defined by poor B12 status, well under the 1858 people surveyed, which is where chance findings live, and the authors describe some of their own results as unexpected and internally inconsistent. In the people whose B12 was normal, more of the natural circulating folate went with better scores, not worse.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether methylfolate beats plain folic acid in carriers of the MTHFR variant, a folate-activating enzyme gene, is not shown. The trial cited for it had no folic acid arm; the one that compared the two forms found no advantage.the finding →

Melatonin

4 open

Conflicting — The open question is who melatonin's average benefit belongs to. Pooled across all ages it helped; split by age, adults whose insomnia arrives on its own showed nothing significant, and the benefit looks to belong to children.the finding →
Conflicting — Every pooling of jet-lag ratings favours melatonin, but how much it helps turns on two later trials that found no benefit and were left out of the bigger estimates. Whether they were fair tests is disputed; no newer trial has settled it.the finding →
Conflicting — The only trial to compare start times found that beginning melatonin days before arrival did no better than placebo, while a pooling across trials leaned the other way. Whether a pre-flight start helps ordinary travellers is unsettled.the finding →
Conflicting — One review found melatonin did not speed falling asleep and called it unproven for jet lag; another found overall jet-lag ratings lower. They measured different things, so whether it helps sleep onset in particular is still open.the finding →

NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide)

4 open

Contested — A secondary outcome is exploratory unless it was named in advance and corrected for testing many things at once, and this paper reports no such correction. Three of the four authors work for Meiji Holdings, which sells NMN. The authors highlight that walking-time changes tracked changes in blood NAD, 2PY and 4PY, which is an association inside one trial rather than evidence that raising NAD caused the walking.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether NMN improved insulin handling in a 25-person trial is disputed: the women given it began with less than half the liver fat of those on placebo, and liver fat is something NMN is meant to act on. A trial that size cannot settle it.the finding →
Contested — The cohorts were stable cardiac patients, not supplement users, so the absolute risk does not transfer to anyone taking a capsule. The human half is observational, though 4PY at physiological levels switched on the vascular inflammation machinery in mice and a genetic analysis across 106,000 people pointed the same way. Every trial of these supplements that measured the metabolites ran weeks to months, far too short for a heart attack to be an endpoint.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether NMN helps people walk further is unsettled. The one trial that found it was run by companies selling NMN and tested healthy middle-aged adults; a later pooling in older adults did not repeat it.the finding →

Ashwagandha

3 open

Conflicting — Whether ashwagandha's edge on stress survives a strong placebo response is open. Pooled trials found it beat placebo, but in older, overweight adults the placebo group improved by a third and matched it.the finding →
Contested — This is a gap in what has been measured, not a recorded harm: no trial reported an adrenal problem, because none of them looked for one. Inside their 30-to-112-day windows the trials reported no serious side effects.the finding →
Conflicting — How much ashwagandha eases stress is unsettled. The poolings agree that it helps, but the largest reports an effect several times what single trials measured, and nothing yet explains the gap.the finding →

Aspartame

3 open

Conflicting — None of the three studies on sweeteners and cancer could settle it: a cohort of people's own choices, a team re-analysing its own rodent work, an industry consultancy's review. The study that could has not been run.the finding →
Contested — This followed what people already consumed rather than assigning it, so the arrow could run the other way: someone watching their blood sugar has good reason to switch to sweeteners well before a diagnosis arrives. Intake came from participants' own repeated diet diaries. And these are the same participants and the same diaries behind the cancer finding, so the two results are not independent of each other.the finding →
Contested — Both pools followed what people already chose to drink, so these are links rather than proof that either drink causes anything. Someone told to watch their weight or blood sugar tends to switch to diet, which would draw this same pattern with no effect from the drink at all. The pooled studies varied widely in their results for several of these outcomes. And these are drink categories, not Coca-Cola and Coca-Cola Zero specifically.the finding →

Equol (S-equol)

3 open

Conflicting — A menopause society declining to recommend soy is not the same as soy failing: its Level II grade means the evidence is limited or inconsistent. The listing cannot say whether soy eases hot flushes, only that the panel would not back it.the finding →
Conflicting — One trial found equol beat placebo on hot flushes in women who cannot make it, yet a menopause society later declined to recommend it. It stays unsettled because one trial of one product, in one country, is thin ground for a recommendation.the finding →
Contested — This states what these two studies were built to measure, not that no such comparison exists anywhere in the wider literature. Both are small: 160 women in the trial, and 41 in the producer-status study, of whom 12 were non-vegetarians.the finding →

Ibuprofen

3 open

Conflicting — Ibuprofen during strength training roughly halved muscle growth in young adults and added to it in older ones. Age, comparator, training and programme length all differed, so what flips the effect is unknown.the finding →
Contested — Eighty-nine runners, and the 18-point gap was not statistically significant, with an interval running from 4 points the other way to 41 points in favour. Kidney injury here means a creatinine rise measured at the finish line, a marker that often settles, not a clinical kidney outcome with follow-up. Runners who lost more weight during the race were independently more likely to be affected, so dehydration and the drug are tangled together in these numbers. Multi-day desert racing in heat is a deliberately stressed setting.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether celecoxib is as heart-safe as ibuprofen and naproxen is unsettled. Prescribing data rank it riskier; the one large trial found it no worse but dosed the drugs unequally, and no study has compared them at matched doses.the finding →

Magnesium

3 open

Contested — Seven trials and 325 people is a thin base, and the authors ask for larger, better ones before anybody draws a clinical conclusion. An effect this big out of a pool this small is also the pattern produced when small trials that found nothing never reach publication. Magnesium was compared with placebo, never with a prescription antidepressant.the finding →
Contested — The two trials used different magnesium compounds, so the split may be about which form sat in the capsule rather than about magnesium. Both groups improving by a third in the null trial points at expectation and the natural course of cramps doing much of the work. In the oldest positive trial, blood magnesium never actually rose, which makes it hard to credit magnesium with the improvement. And the trials counted cramps so differently that no single number can be drawn across them.the finding →
Contested — Four trials and 332 women leave enough room that a small real benefit could still be hiding inside the result. Cramps were defined and counted differently from trial to trial, which blunts any pooled figure. And this is cramps in pregnancy, not the ordinary night-time leg cramps most people mean.the finding →

Nicotinamide Riboside (NR)

3 open

Contested — Twenty-four people in a crossover design, six weeks per arm, all of them healthy, so this is an early tolerability and target-engagement study rather than a test of anything. NAD was measured in blood, which shows the pill is absorbed and metabolised, not that it reached the tissues where ageing is supposed to slow. The trial was investigator-initiated at a university with no declared competing interests, which sets it apart from most of this literature.the finding →
Contested — Thirteen people is very small even for a crossover design, which makes the two positive results the fragile half and the long list of nulls the sturdy one. The fat-free mass change was one of many outcomes tested, exactly the setup in which a chance finding appears. Six weeks, in healthy overweight and obese volunteers.the finding →
Contested — The cohorts were stable cardiac patients, not supplement users, so the absolute risk does not transfer to anyone taking a capsule. The human half is observational, though 4PY at physiological levels switched on the vascular inflammation machinery in mice and a genetic analysis across 106,000 people pointed the same way. Every trial of these supplements that measured the metabolites ran weeks to months, far too short for a heart attack to be an endpoint.the finding →

Sodium

3 open

Conflicting — One randomised trial found salt capsules got triathletes to the finish sooner, on a single borderline result in 26 people. Whether that holds up is open, because nobody has repeated it.the finding →
Contested — Weak discrimination is not a screening test, and the authors do not offer it as one. Cramp history was self-reported, and sweat was collected during ordinary training, never during a cramp. Forearm patches estimate whole-body sweat sodium indirectly and carry real measurement error. One other significant result among roughly fourteen comparisons, potassium content in women, is what chance produces at that many tests.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether deliberately taking salt changes the risk of low blood sodium in endurance races is untested. Nobody has randomised runners to salt or none, because in these races almost everyone already takes it.the finding →

Whey Protein

3 open

Conflicting — Whey beat soy matched on grams, tied matched on leucine, pointing at leucine. That stays open because in the grams trial soy gained less lean mass than a carbohydrate control, an unlikely result, so its gaps may be noisier than they look.the finding →
Conflicting — A 20 g per-meal ceiling shows up four hours after a one-leg session and not twelve hours after whole-body work, so it belongs to the measurement. No trial has fed large doses for months and weighed the muscle kept.the finding →
Conflicting — The trials for and against bedtime protein came from one laboratory, so dose likely explains the split: the effect appears somewhere between 30 and 40 g. Where exactly, and whether any muscle is kept, is untested.the finding →

Cannabidiol (CBD)

2 open

Conflicting — Whether cannabidiol eases anxiety is still open. A large pooled effect for cannabidiol alone and scarce benefit across all medicinal cannabinoids, mostly THC trials, answer different questions, so neither settles it.the finding →
Conflicting — The prescription label records liver-enzyme rises that a study of people buying cannabidiol for themselves did not find. Doses differ more than tenfold and so do the people, so the split is about who was studied, not the compound.the finding →

Chondroitin Sulfate

2 open

Conflicting — Whether chondroitin and glucosamine ease pain turns on method, not data. Analyses splitting trials by funder, brand and trial quality find no difference a patient would notice; the review finding a benefit did not split them.the finding →
Conflicting — Chondroitin's knee-pain benefit is small, and whether it is worth having is unsettled. The largest trials put it below the smallest change a patient would notice, while Cochrane counts six people in a hundred helped.the finding →

Cordyceps

2 open

Conflicting — Whether cordyceps improves endurance is unsettled. A pooled analysis reports gains that only just clear chance, while the three best-powered single trials found none, which says more about how thin this research is than about who is right.the finding →
Contested — This is a narrative review with no stated search protocol and no bias appraisal, so it carries forward the weaknesses of the trials it summarises rather than weighing them. Almost everyone studied was young and active. The authors say plainly that older and sedentary people are barely studied.the finding →

Creatine

2 open

Conflicting — A memory benefit reported across healthy adults vanished once scores from the same people stopped being counted as different people. The effect in 66-to-76-year-olds survived that correction, and it is the finding worth weighing.the finding →
Conflicting — The creatine hair worry and the hair trial measured different things: a hormone shift during a week of 25g a day, and hair itself after twelve weeks of 5g a day, which showed nothing. Both may be right.the finding →

Dietary Protein

2 open

Conflicting — Short trials show filtration rising without declining; a long cohort saw a signal but read kidney function off creatinine, which protein itself raises. Nothing here shows harm, and nothing establishes safety over decades.the finding →
Conflicting — A 20 g per-meal ceiling shows up four hours after a one-leg session and not twelve hours after whole-body work, so it belongs to the measurement. No trial has fed large doses for months and weighed the muscle kept.the finding →

Glucosamine and Chondroitin (Combination)

2 open

Contested — The bar for counting as no worse was 40 points on a 0-to-500 pain scale, which is wide. The pair used glucosamine hydrochloride, the salt an earlier analysis concluded was ineffective, which makes matching a prescription drug harder to square with the rest of this literature rather than easier.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether chondroitin and glucosamine ease pain turns on method, not data. Analyses splitting trials by funder, brand and trial quality find no difference a patient would notice; the review finding a benefit did not split them.the finding →

Iron

2 open

Conflicting — A US panel found no evidence of clinically significant harm from iron and zinc interacting; pooled trials in under-threes saw zinc move iron markers the wrong way. Neither set out to test the pairing, so whether to space them is unknown.the finding →
Conflicting — In people low on iron but not anaemic, iron refills the stores. Whether that eases tiredness is open: pooled trials found people reporting less of it, while two placebo-controlled trials, one refilling stores more fully, found nothing.the finding →

L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)

2 open

Contested — Only the positive trial tends to get quoted. The dose difference is the authors' own explanation for the split, but it is a comparison across two separate studies rather than a randomised test of dose, and the trial that worked had 75 patients. The 15mg used is roughly forty times a periconceptional folate dose and is a prescription medical food in the United States, not the supplement sold to consumers on the same reasoning.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether methylfolate beats plain folic acid in carriers of the MTHFR variant, a folate-activating enzyme gene, is not shown. The trial cited for it had no folic acid arm; the one that compared the two forms found no advantage.the finding →

Levothyroxine

2 open

Conflicting — The label names soybean flour and soy formula but gives no figure for how much absorption they cost and cites no study, so it cannot say how much a soy meal matters to the dose.the finding →
Conflicting — A single isoflavone supplement dose left levothyroxine absorption untouched, yet the drug's label warns against soybean flour and soy formula. What separates the two is the form of soy, protein against isolated isoflavones.the finding →

Naproxen

2 open

Conflicting — Whether naproxen is the heart-safe painkiller is unsettled. Trials and prescribing databases disagree, and the databases disagree with each other, along study design rather than dose.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether celecoxib is as heart-safe as ibuprofen and naproxen is unsettled. Prescribing data rank it riskier; the one large trial found it no worse but dosed the drugs unequally, and no study has compared them at matched doses.the finding →

NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs)

2 open

Conflicting — Two reviews of acute low back pain agree which way anti-inflammatories point; they disagree on whether trials this small, mostly unregistered and often industry-funded can say so.the finding →
Conflicting — Whether celecoxib is as heart-safe as ibuprofen and naproxen is unsettled. Prescribing data rank it riskier; the one large trial found it no worse but dosed the drugs unequally, and no study has compared them at matched doses.the finding →

Oil of Oregano

2 open

Contested — The oregano nasal-spray trial ran at one clinic with 25 people a group and has not been repeated. Every group also followed the same Persian-medicine lifestyle routine, which may explain part of the placebo group's gain. A 2023 pooled ranking that put oregano first for this condition rests on this same trial.the finding →
Contested — In the only trial of oregano oil for gut parasites, nobody went untreated, and parasites can come and go in stool on their own, so their clearing may not be the oil's doing. Two of the three parasites were found in 4 people and 1 person. No trial with a placebo group has followed in the 25 years since, and none is registered.the finding →

Potassium

2 open

Contested — Weak discrimination is not a screening test, and the authors do not offer it as one. Cramp history was self-reported, and sweat was collected during ordinary training, never during a cramp. Forearm patches estimate whole-body sweat sodium indirectly and carry real measurement error. One other significant result among roughly fourteen comparisons, potassium content in women, is what chance produces at that many tests.the finding →
Contested — A label proves what a company was permitted to print, not that anything printed on it is true, and being listed on the US drug label database is not approval. This is one product, so it shows such a thing exists and is listed rather than that the category behaves this way. Its marketing text, including the three-bottles promise, sits inside the section reserved for safe-handling warnings, while the sections for indications, purpose, active ingredient and precautions are all empty.the finding →

Added Sugar (Sucrose / HFCS)

1 open

Contested — Both pools followed what people already chose to drink, so these are links rather than proof that either drink causes anything. Someone told to watch their weight or blood sugar tends to switch to diet, which would draw this same pattern with no effect from the drink at all. The pooled studies varied widely in their results for several of these outcomes. And these are drink categories, not Coca-Cola and Coca-Cola Zero specifically.the finding →

Berberine

1 open

Conflicting — Whether berberine lowers blood sugar is not the open question. The head-to-head with metformin everyone quotes came from a pilot with no placebo group, never built to size an effect, and no larger trial has repeated it.the finding →

Cordyceps militaris

1 open

Contested — Two products were tested, so this is a finding about two capsules on a shelf, not a rate across the market. The study measured content and stopped there: nobody swallowed anything, and no effect on cholesterol or on anything else was looked for.the finding →

Cultured cordyceps mycelium (Cs-4, Paecilomyces hepiali, Hirsutella sinensis)

1 open

Conflicting — Whether cordyceps improves endurance is unsettled. A pooled analysis reports gains that only just clear chance, while the three best-powered single trials found none, which says more about how thin this research is than about who is right.the finding →

Glutathione

1 open

Conflicting — Nobody disputes which way swallowed glutathione pushes skin tone. What is open is whether a handful of small, short trials is enough to call it settled, and reviews split on how much of that evidence to admit.the finding →

Leucine

1 open

Contested — These numbers come from a programme run under the International Council on Amino Acid Science, a nonprofit funded by the amino acid industry. The review says so itself. Short-term trials in healthy adults only, so nothing about long-term intake or about people with liver or kidney disease.the finding →

Metformin

1 open

Contested — A network meta-analysis mostly compares treatments that were never tested against each other directly, so this is an indirect estimate. Twenty-two trials and 1079 women spread across four classes of treatment leaves each comparison thin. Nothing here goes beyond a surrogate: no pregnancy, no live birth.the finding →

Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA/DHA)

1 open

Contested — Every trial gave the capsules alongside antidepressants rather than instead of them, so what was measured is an add-on effect. The EPA-heavy figure rests on a smaller set of trials than the overall one, which makes it the top of a range rather than a settled number. A correction to this analysis was published two years afterwards, so its exact figures are worth re-checking. Depression trials also carry a strong placebo response, which pushes small differences around.the finding →

Ophiocordyceps sinensis (wild caterpillar fungus)

1 open

Conflicting — Whether cordyceps improves endurance is unsettled. A pooled analysis reports gains that only just clear chance, while the three best-powered single trials found none, which says more about how thin this research is than about who is right.the finding →

Phosphoric Acid

1 open

Contested — This is diet recall at a single point in time, so daily cola drinkers may differ from occasional ones in ways nobody recorded, including what they were drinking instead. The difference showed at the hip and not the spine. Daily cola drinkers were not taking in more phosphorus overall, which makes phosphoric acid the authors' inference rather than something they measured.the finding →

Soy Isoflavones

Zinc

Diphenhydramine

Lion's Mane (Hericium erinaceus)

Testosterone

Vitamin B12

Sildenafil

Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)

Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs)

Semaglutide

St John's Wort

Venlafaxine

Vitamin C

Biotin (Vitamin B7)

Caffeine

Glucosamine

L-theanine

Myo-inositol

Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)

D-chiro-inositol

Electrolyte Supplements and Sports Drinks

Folic Acid

Melatonin

NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide)

Ashwagandha

Aspartame

Equol (S-equol)

Ibuprofen

Magnesium

Nicotinamide Riboside (NR)

Sodium

Whey Protein

Cannabidiol (CBD)

Chondroitin Sulfate

Cordyceps

Creatine

Dietary Protein

Glucosamine and Chondroitin (Combination)

Iron

L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)

Levothyroxine

Naproxen

NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs)

Oil of Oregano

Potassium

Added Sugar (Sucrose / HFCS)

Berberine

Cordyceps militaris

Cultured cordyceps mycelium (Cs-4, Paecilomyces hepiali, Hirsutella sinensis)

Glutathione

Leucine

Metformin

Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA/DHA)

Ophiocordyceps sinensis (wild caterpillar fungus)

Phosphoric Acid

Try one of these

Or start from a goal